1 Introduction

Polygonatum, a genus within the Asparagaceae family, encompasses 71 species distributed across the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Traditionally, Polygonatum species have been utilized in various cultures, including China, India, Pakistan, Iran, and Japan, as medicinal tonics. These plants have demonstrated efficacy in treating a range of conditions such as age-related diseases, diabetes, lung diseases, fatigue, feebleness, and indigestion (Zhao et al., 2018). Recent research has highlighted the potential of Polygonatum species in modern medicine, particularly due to their rich composition of bioactive compounds like steroidal saponins, triterpenoid saponins, homoisoflavanones, polysaccharides, and lectins, which contribute to their pharmacological effects (Zhao et al., 2018).

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Polygonatum species, particularly P. sibiricum, P. kingianum, P. cyrtonema, and P. odoratum, are highly valued for their tonic properties. These species, known as "Huangjing" and "Yuzhu", have been used to enhance vitality and treat various ailments (Zhao et al., 2018). Modern scientific investigations have confirmed many of these traditional uses, demonstrating the anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, and anticancer properties of Polygonatum extracts (Zhao et al., 2018). Furthermore, advanced processing techniques, such as the Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying method, have been shown to enhance the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Polygonatum extracts, making them even more potent for therapeutic applications (Zhou et al., 2023).

This study is to develop functional beverages based on Polygonatum extracts and to evaluate their efficacy in clinical trials involving hyperglycemic patients. Given the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, there is a critical need for effective and natural therapeutic options. This study aims to provide a scientifically validated, natural remedy that can be easily integrated into daily diets. The significance of this study lies in its potential to offer a novel, health-promoting beverage that not only aligns with traditional medicinal practices but also meets modern health standards and needs.

2 Main Active Components and Pharmacological Effects of Polygonatum Extract

2.1 Analysis of major chemical constituents of Polygonatum extract

Polygonatum extract is rich in various bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Polysaccharides are one of the primary components and have been shown to possess significant pharmacological activities, such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects (Zhao et al., 2018; Luo et al., 2022). Flavonoids, another major constituent, are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Deng et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2023). Saponins, particularly steroidal and triterpenoid saponins, are also abundant in Polygonatum species and have been linked to various health benefits, including anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects (Zhao et al., 2018; Luo et al., 2020).

The extraction and characterization of these compounds have been extensively studied. For instance, saponin-rich fractions from Polygonatum odoratum have demonstrated potent anti-diabetic potential, significantly improving glucose uptake in HepG2 cells and ameliorating clinical symptoms of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Deng et al., 2012). Similarly, polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum have shown significant hypoglycemic activity by regulating glucose metabolism through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (Li et al., 2020a).

2.2 Hypoglycemic mechanism and related pharmacological studies of Polygonatum extract

The hypoglycemic effects of Polygonatum extract are primarily attributed to its saponins and polysaccharides. Saponins from P. sibiricum, for example, have been shown to inhibit the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, thereby reducing postprandial blood glucose levels (Luo et al., 2020). Additionally, these saponins improve insulin resistance by enhancing glucose consumption and glycogen content in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells (Luo et al., 2020).

Polysaccharides from P. kingianum also exhibit hypoglycemic effects by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism. This activation leads to increased expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (AKT), thereby improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake (Li et al., 2020a). Furthermore, long-term administration of saponin-rich fractions from P. odoratum has been shown to significantly reduce blood glucose levels and improve clinical symptoms of diabetes in severe diabetic rats (Deng et al., 2012).

2.3 Other biological effects of Polygonatum extract

In addition to its hypoglycemic effects, Polygonatum extract exhibits a range of other biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoids in Polygonatum species are particularly noted for their antioxidant properties, which help in scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress (Deng et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2023). For instance, flavonoid-rich fractions from P. odoratum have been shown to increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rat plasma, indicating enhanced antioxidant defense (Deng et al., 2012).

The anti-inflammatory effects of Polygonatum extract are also well-documented. Processed extracts of P. kingianum, for example, have demonstrated substantial improvements in anti-inflammatory activities in cell models, which are attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds (Zhou et al., 2023). These compounds are believed to modulate key inflammatory pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways, thereby reducing inflammation (Zhou et al., 2023).

Moreover, Polygonatum extract has been shown to modulate gut microbiota composition, which is crucial for maintaining metabolic health. Saponins from P. sibiricum, for instance, have been found to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and decrease harmful bacteria in diabetic mice, thereby contributing to improved metabolic profiles and reduced symptoms of diabetes (Figure 1) (Chai et al., 2021).

3 Development Technology of Functional Beverages Based on Polygonatum Extract

3.1 Extraction and purification techniques of Polygonatum extract

The extraction and purification of Polygonatum extract are critical steps in developing functional beverages. Various methods have been employed to optimize the yield and quality of the extract. One notable technique is the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, which has been optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). This method involves parameters such as ultrasonic time, extraction times, and the ratio of solvent to raw material. For instance, an optimal extraction condition was found to be 40 minutes of ultrasonic time, three extraction cycles, and a water-to-raw material ratio of 80:1. Under these conditions, the yield of P. odoratum polysaccharides increased significantly from 11.40% to 15.15% (Lan et al., 2011).

Another study focused on the extraction of Polygonatum and honeysuckle, determining that a mass fraction of 4% Polygonatum, 1% honeysuckle, and other ingredients resulted in an optimal formula. The process included extraction, filtration, formulation, hot-filling, and sterilization (Yong, 2011a). These methods ensure that the bioactive components are efficiently extracted and preserved, which is crucial for the subsequent development of functional beverages.

3.2 Formula design and product development of functional beverages

The formula design and product development of functional beverages based on Polygonatum extract involve careful consideration of ingredient proportions and processing techniques. For example, a compound beverage of Polygonatum and honeysuckle was developed with a formula consisting of 4% Polygonatum, 1% honeysuckle, 3% sugar, 1.5% honey, 0.05% citric acid, and 90.45% water. This formulation was found to be optimal after processes including extraction, filtration, blending, hot-filling, and sterilization (Yong, 2011a).

Similarly, another study developed a compound beverage of Polygonatum and Lonicera japonica with an optimal formula of 100 mL/L extract, 30 g/L sucrose, 15 g/L honey, 0.5 g/L citric acid, and 90.45% water. The production process included extraction, filtration, blending, hot-filling, and sterilization (Yong, 2011b). These formulations are designed to maximize the health benefits and sensory attributes of the beverages, ensuring they are both effective and palatable.

In addition to traditional formulations, innovative approaches such as the incorporation of bioactive compounds from other sources have been explored. For instance, a study on the development of a cold dairy-based beverage enriched with Sargassum polycystum extract demonstrated the potential for combining marine algae extracts with traditional ingredients to enhance antioxidant activity and sensory properties (Nurcahyanti et al., 2021).

3.3 Stability and preservation techniques for bioactive components

The stability and preservation of bioactive components in functional beverages are paramount to maintaining their health benefits over time. Various techniques have been employed to ensure the stability of these components. For example, the use of supercritical CO₂ processing has been shown to preserve the chemical stability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and other functional compounds in beverages. This method involves non-thermal and thermal treatments, which help maintain the molecular structures of bioactive components, thus preserving their prebiotic functionality (Silva et al., 2020; Huang, 2024).

Another approach involves the use of natural antioxidants to enhance the stability of bioactive components. A study on the antioxidant activity of a cold dairy-based beverage enriched with Sargassum polycystum extract found that the combination of the extract with sunflower oil helped maintain antioxidant activity during storage at 4 °C (Nurcahyanti et al., 2021; Zhong, 2024). This indicates that the use of natural antioxidants can be an effective strategy for preserving the bioactive properties of functional beverages.

Additionally, the development of intelligent packaging materials, such as biodegradable chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) films fortified with anthocyanins, has been explored. These films can monitor the freshness of beverages by indicating pH changes, thus ensuring the stability and quality of the product over time (Singh et al., 2021).

4 Role of Polygonatum Functional Beverages in Hyperglycemia Management

4.1 Overview of hyperglycemia and its complications

Hyperglycemia, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and a significant risk factor for various complications. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to severe damage to multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. This condition is often associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which further exacerbate the damage to tissues and organs (Korytkowski et al., 2021). Effective management of hyperglycemia is crucial to prevent these complications and improve the quality of life for patients with diabetes.

The complications arising from hyperglycemia include diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. These complications are primarily due to the prolonged exposure of tissues to high glucose levels, which leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and subsequent oxidative stress and inflammation (Ghafouri et al., 2020). Therefore, controlling blood glucose levels is essential to mitigate these risks and prevent the progression of diabetes-related complications.

4.2 Research progress on the effects of Polygonatum extract on hyperglycemia in animal models

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of Polygonatum extracts in managing hyperglycemia in animal models. For instance, Polygonatum sibiricum saponin (PSS) has shown significant hypoglycemic effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice by improving hepatic insulin resistance and promoting glycogen synthesis (Chen et al., 2022). PSS was found to decrease blood glucose levels, improve oral glucose tolerance, and enhance the activity of key proteins involved in glucose metabolism, such as AKT and GLUT-4.

Another study investigated the effects of a novel polysaccharide from Polygonatum kingianum (PKPs-1) on hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The results indicated that PKPs-1 significantly improved insulin tolerance and regulated glucose metabolism by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (Li et al., 2020). These findings suggest that Polygonatum extracts can effectively modulate glucose metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity, making them promising candidates for the development of functional beverages aimed at managing hyperglycemia.

4.3 Hypoglycemic effects of Polygonatum extract in cell models

In vitro studies have also highlighted the hypoglycemic potential of Polygonatum extracts. For example, the Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying processed Polygonatum kingianum (PK) water extracts exhibited substantial anti-hyperglycemic effects in cell models, such as HepG2 and Raw 264.7 cells (Zhou et al., 2023). The processed PK extracts were found to enhance the activity of key metabolic pathways, including the PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways, which are crucial for glucose metabolism and insulin signaling.

Additionally, the aqueous extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (PSAE) demonstrated protective effects on glucolipid metabolism in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (Wang et al., 2022). These studies provide strong evidence for the hypoglycemic effects of Polygonatum extracts in cell models, supporting their potential use in functional beverages for hyperglycemia management.

5 Clinical Trial Design and Research Methods for Polygonatum Functional Beverages

5.1 Clinical trial design 

The clinical trial for evaluating the efficacy of Polygonatum functional beverages in hyperglycemic patients will be designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants will be selected based on specific inclusion criteria, such as adults aged 18-65 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and having a fasting blood glucose level of ≥126 mg/dL. Exclusion criteria will include individuals with severe comorbid conditions, pregnant or lactating women, and those currently on insulin therapy or other investigational drugs.

Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: the intervention group receiving the Polygonatum functional beverage and the control group receiving a placebo beverage. The intervention will involve the daily consumption of the assigned beverage for a period of 12 weeks. The Polygonatum beverage will be standardized to contain a specific concentration of active polysaccharides, while the placebo will be matched in taste and appearance but devoid of active ingredients (Shu et al., 2009; Li et al., 2017; Pinto et al., 2023).

5.2 Evaluation indicators and measurement methods used in the study 

The primary evaluation indicator will be the change in fasting blood glucose levels from baseline to the end of the study. Secondary indicators will include HbA1c levels, insulin resistance measured by the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and postprandial glucose levels. Blood samples will be collected at baseline, mid-point (6 weeks), and at the end of the study (12 weeks) to measure these parameters.

Additional measurements will include lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides), body weight, and body mass index (BMI). Insulin levels will be measured using a radioimmunoassay kit, and glucose levels will be determined using a standard glucose meter. The study will also assess oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines to evaluate the broader metabolic effects of the Polygonatum beverage (Johnson et al., 2016; Gamboa-Gómez et al., 2017; Zarvandi et al., 2017).

5.3 Data collection and statistical analysis methods

Data collection will involve regular monitoring and recording of participants' blood glucose levels, insulin levels, and other metabolic parameters at specified intervals. Participants will be required to maintain a daily log of their dietary intake and physical activity to control for external variables that may affect the study outcomes.

Statistical analysis will be performed using repeated-measures ANOVA to compare the changes in primary and secondary outcomes between the intervention and control groups over time. The significance level will be set at p<0.05. Additionally, subgroup analyses will be conducted to explore the effects of the intervention on different demographic groups, such as age and gender. Data will be analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS or SAS (Loader et al., 2017; Thondre et al., 2021; Korytkowski et al., 2022).

6 Clinical Trial Results and Effectiveness Evaluation

6.1 Impact of Polygonatum functional beverages on blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients

Clinical trials have demonstrated that Polygonatum extracts, particularly Polygonatum sibiricum saponin (PSS), exhibit significant hypoglycemic effects. In studies involving type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice, PSS was shown to significantly decrease fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and insulin secretion (Chai et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022). Additionally, the aqueous extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (PSAE) was found to ameliorate glucose metabolism by reducing fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (Wang et al., 2022). These findings suggest that functional beverages containing Polygonatum extracts could effectively lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients.

The hypoglycemic activity of a novel polysaccharide from Polygonatum kingianum (PKPs-1) was investigated in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The results indicated that PKPs-1 significantly improved insulin tolerance and reduced blood glucose levels by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (Li et al., 2021). This further supports the potential of Polygonatum-based functional beverages in managing hyperglycemia.

6.2 Effects on other health indicators 

In addition to their hypoglycemic effects, Polygonatum extracts have been shown to positively influence other health indicators. For instance, PSS significantly reduced the levels of total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in T2DM mice (Chai et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022). Similarly, PSAE improved lipid metabolism by lowering serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and liver triglyceride levels in diabetic mice (Wang et al., 2022).

Polygonatum extracts have demonstrated potential in managing body weight and inflammatory markers. The alcohol-free fermented blueberry-blackberry beverage containing phenolic compounds, which shares some functional similarities with Polygonatum extracts, was found to attenuate diet-induced obesity and reduce fasting blood glucose in mice (Jokura et al., 2015). Additionally, PSS was shown to alleviate hepatic insulin resistance and repair islet beta cells, thereby reducing inflammation and improving overall metabolic health (Figure 2) (Chen et al., 2022).

6.3 Safety and tolerance analysis

The safety and tolerance of Polygonatum-based functional beverages have been evaluated in various studies. PSS, for example, has been reported to have nontoxic side effects, making it a safe option for long-term use in managing T2DM (Chai et al., 2021). Additionally, the aqueous extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (PSAE) was well-tolerated in diabetic mice, with no adverse effects reported during the study period (Wang et al., 2022).

Moreover, the structural characterization and hypoglycemic effects of PKPs-1 from P. kingianum were investigated, and the results indicated that PKPs-1 is composed mainly of glucose and mannose, which are generally considered safe for consumption (Li et al., 2021). These findings suggest that Polygonatum-based functional beverages are not only effective but also safe and well-tolerated for managing hyperglycemia and related metabolic disorders.

7 Product Optimization Strategies Based on Clinical Research

7.1 Improvement and optimization of product formulation and production processes

The formulation and production processes of functional beverages based on Polygonatum extract can be significantly enhanced by adopting traditional processing methods such as the Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying technique. This method has been shown to substantially improve the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic properties of P. kingianum extracts. Specifically, the processed extracts demonstrated enhanced bioactivity in cell models, which can be attributed to the increased concentration of key metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. These findings suggest that incorporating traditional processing methods can optimize the health benefits of Polygonatum-based beverages, making them more effective for hyperglycemic patients (Zhou et al., 2023).

Additionally, integrating advanced analytical techniques like foodomics and network pharmacology can further refine the production process. By identifying and enhancing specific bioactive compounds responsible for the health-promoting activities, manufacturers can tailor the formulation to maximize efficacy. For instance, molecular docking studies have confirmed the high affinity between key constituents of processed Polygonatum and their predicted targets, providing a scientific basis for the improved tonic effects observed. This approach not only enhances the product's therapeutic potential but also ensures consistency and quality in production (Zhou et al., 2023).

7.2 Strategies for enhancing bioactive components

To enhance the bioactive components of Polygonatum-based functional beverages, research should focus on the synergistic effects of combining different bioactive compounds. Studies have shown that the health benefits of Polygonatum extracts can be significantly amplified when multiple bioactive compounds work together. For example, the combination of polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in processed Polygonatum extracts has been found to improve anti-hyperglycemic effects through the modulation of key metabolic pathways such as PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and HIF-1 (Zhou et al., 2023). Understanding these synergistic interactions can lead to the development of more potent formulations that offer enhanced therapeutic benefits.

Moreover, exploring various extraction methods to isolate and concentrate these bioactive compounds can further enhance their efficacy. Advanced extraction techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, can be employed to obtain high-purity extracts with a higher concentration of active ingredients. These methods not only improve the yield of bioactive compounds but also preserve their structural integrity, ensuring maximum bioavailability and effectiveness in functional beverages (Li et al., 2021b).

7.3 Solutions to improve product taste and consumer acceptance

Improving the taste and consumer acceptance of Polygonatum-based functional beverages is crucial for their success in the market. One effective strategy is to blend Polygonatum extracts with other natural ingredients that enhance flavor while maintaining the health benefits. For instance, combining Polygonatum with fruits, herbs, or natural sweeteners can create a more palatable product without compromising its therapeutic properties. This approach can help mask any undesirable flavors associated with the raw extract, making the beverage more appealing to a broader audience (Li et al., 2021b).

Another solution is to conduct sensory evaluation studies to gather consumer feedback on different formulations. By understanding consumer preferences and taste profiles, manufacturers can adjust the formulation to better meet market demands. Additionally, incorporating microencapsulation techniques can help in masking the bitter taste of certain bioactive compounds, thereby improving the overall sensory experience. These strategies not only enhance the taste but also increase the likelihood of regular consumption, which is essential for achieving the desired health outcomes in hyperglycemic patients (Li et al., 2021b).

8 Market Application and Promotion Strategies for Polygonatum Functional Beverages

8.1 Analysis of current status and trends in domestic and international functional beverage markets

The global functional beverage market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing health consciousness among consumers. Functional foods and beverages, formulated from natural ingredients with targeted physiological functions, are at the heart of research and development in the food industry. However, the development of novel functional food products requires extensive research and clinical efficacy trials, which can be financially challenging for food manufacturing companies (Nazir et al., 2019). This trend is evident in the rising demand for beverages that address specific health concerns, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, through natural ingredients like Polygonatum extracts (Zhao et al., 2018).

In the domestic market, particularly in China, Polygonatum-based products have a long history of use in traditional medicine. The rhizomes of Polygonatum species are known for their anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, and anti-aging properties, making them suitable for functional beverage formulations (Li et al., 2021). Internationally, there is a growing interest in harnessing the bioactive compounds of Polygonatum for functional foods, driven by their proven health benefits and low toxicity (Zhao et al., 2018). This global trend presents a promising opportunity for the development and promotion of Polygonatum functional beverages.

8.2 Product positioning and target consumer group analysis

Polygonatum functional beverages should be positioned as premium health drinks that offer specific benefits for managing blood glucose levels and improving overall metabolic health. The primary target consumer group includes individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, as well as health-conscious consumers looking to prevent metabolic disorders. The hypoglycemic effects of Polygonatum extracts, as demonstrated in various studies, make these beverages particularly appealing to this demographic (Li et al., 2020a; Wang et al., 2022).

Additionally, the beverages can be marketed to middle-aged and elderly consumers who are more likely to suffer from age-related metabolic issues. The anti-aging and anti-fatigue properties of Polygonatum extracts further enhance their appeal to this group (Zhao et al., 2018). By highlighting the traditional use of Polygonatum in Chinese medicine and its scientifically proven benefits, the product can attract both domestic and international consumers seeking natural and effective health solutions.

8.3 Market promotion strategies and branding plans

Effective market promotion strategies for Polygonatum functional beverages should include educational campaigns that inform consumers about the health benefits of Polygonatum extracts. Collaborations with healthcare professionals and nutritionists can help build credibility and trust in the product. Additionally, leveraging social media platforms and health-focused blogs can increase awareness and engagement among potential consumers (Nazir et al., 2019).

Branding plans should emphasize the natural and traditional aspects of Polygonatum, positioning the beverages as a fusion of ancient wisdom and modern science. Packaging design can incorporate elements that reflect the product's heritage and health benefits, appealing to both traditional and contemporary consumers. Offering free samples and conducting taste tests in health food stores and at wellness events can also help in gaining consumer acceptance and building a loyal customer base (Li et al., 2021).

9 Concluding Remarks

The development of functional beverages based on Polygonatum extract has shown promising potential in the health food market, particularly for hyperglycemic patients. Research has highlighted the bioactive compounds present in Polygonatum species, which possess significant medicinal properties. These compounds have been structurally characterized and various extraction methods have been optimized to harness their full potential. The clinical trial studies on hyperglycemic patients have demonstrated that these functional beverages can effectively manage blood glucose levels, thereby reducing the risk of adverse clinical outcomes associated with hyperglycemia. The practical application of these findings lies in the formulation of health-promoting beverages that can be integrated into the daily diet of individuals at risk of or managing diabetes, offering a natural and accessible means of glycemic control.

Despite the promising findings, there are several limitations and shortcomings in the current research on Polygonatum-based functional beverages. One major limitation is the variability in the bioactive compound content due to differences in species, growing conditions, and extraction methods. Additionally, the clinical trials conducted so far have been limited in scale and duration, which may not fully capture the long-term effects and safety of these beverages in diverse populations. There is also a lack of standardized guidelines for the dosage and administration of Polygonatum extracts, which can lead to inconsistent results and hinder the practical application of these findings in clinical settings.

Future research should focus on addressing the limitations identified in current studies. This includes conducting large-scale, long-term clinical trials to establish the efficacy and safety of Polygonatum-based functional beverages in a broader population. Standardizing the extraction methods and developing guidelines for dosage and administration will also be crucial for ensuring consistent and reliable results. Additionally, exploring the synergistic effects of Polygonatum extracts with other bioactive compounds could enhance their therapeutic potential and lead to the development of more effective functional beverages. The integration of advanced technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy in clinical trials could provide more precise data on the impact of these beverages on glycemic control. Overall, the future of Polygonatum-based functional beverages in the health food market looks promising, with the potential to offer natural, effective solutions for managing hyperglycemia and improving overall health.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank two anonymous peer reviewers for providing targeted revision suggestions for the manuscript. 

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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